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Termites are known to take pollen and regularly visit flowers,177 are regarded as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is frequently pollinated by foraging employees, and it's perhaps the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
Many plants have grown effective defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only develop when they've passed the seedling phase.179 Defence is normally accomplished by secreting antifeedant chemicals into the woody cell walls.180 This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When kept close to the extract, they become disoriented and eventually die.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of 3 websites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites had been present in the 3 websites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.
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The wood-feeders were the most badly affected feeding group. .
A termite nest can be considered as being composed of 2 components, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is that the construction itself, which is constructed by the termites. Nests can be broadly divided into three main categories: subterranean (completely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (constructed above ground, but always connected to the ground via shelter tubes).184 Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the earth with ground contact and are created from earth and sand.
Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.186 Primitive termites of now nest in wooden constructions such as logs, stumps and the dead portions of trees, as did termites millions of years ago.184.
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To build their nests, termites mostly utilize faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials include partially digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and soil, utilized in subterranean nest and mound construction. Not all nests are visible, as many nests in tropical woods are situated underground.186 Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are good examples of subterranean nest contractors, as they only reside inside tunnels.
Nests and mounds protect the termites' soft bodies against desiccation, light, pathogens and parasites, in addition to providing a fortification against predators.188Nests made from carton are especially weak, and so the inhabitants utilize counter-attack strategies against invading predators. .
Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change is caused by bacterial illness in the gut of the termites: they utilize their faeces as a carton building material. Arboreal termites nests can account for up to 2% of above ground carbon storage in Puerto Extra resources Rican mangrove swamps.
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Nests are considered mounds should they protrude from the earth's surface. A mound provides termites exactly the exact same protection as a nest but is stronger.189 Mounds located in areas with torrential and continuous rainfall are in danger of mound erosion due to their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can provide protection against the rain, and in fact can withstand large precipitation.
For instance, Cubitermes colonies build narrow tunnels used as strong points, since the width of the tunnels is small enough for soldiers to block.192 A highly protected room, known as the"queens cell", houses the queen and king and can be used as a last line of defence. .
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably build the most complicated structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the biggest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 ft ), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.56 Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can construct nests 3Â to 4Â metres (9Â to 13 ft ) high and 2.5 metres (8Â feet) wide.
The sculptured mounds sometimes have elaborate and distinctive forms, such as those of the compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which builds tall, wedge-shaped mounds with the long axis oriented approximately northsouth, which gives them their common name.194195 This orientation has been experimentally shown to help thermoregulation. look at more info The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase rapidly during the morning when avoiding overheating from the midday sun.